The long-term effects of ambient PM2.5 and chemical constituents on childhood pneumonia were still unknown. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30,315 children in the China Children, Homes, Health (CCHH) project, involving 205 preschools in six cities in China, to investigate the long-term effects of PM2.5 constituents on lifetime-ever diagnosed pneumonia. Information on the lifetime-ever pneumonia and demographics were collected by validated questionnaires. The lifetime annual average ambient PM2.5, ozone and five main PM2.5 constituents, including SO42 , NO3, NH4+, organic matter (OM) and black carbon (BC), were estimated according to preschool addresses by a combination of satellite remote sensing, chemical transport modeling and ground based monitors. The prevalence of lifetime-ever diagnosed pneumonia was 34.5% across six cities and differed significantly among cities (p = 0.004). The two-level logistic regression models showed that the adjusted odds ratio for PM2.5 (per 10 mu g/m(3)) and its constituents (per 1 mu g/m(3))-SO42 , NO3, NH4+, and OM were 1.12 (95% CI:1.07-1.18), 1.02 (1.00-1.04), 1.06 (1.04-1.09), 1.05 (1.03-1.07) and 1.09 (1.06-1.12), respectively. Children in urban area, aged < 5 years and breastfeeding time < 6 months enhanced the risks of pneumonia. Our study provided robust results that long-term levels of ambient PM2.5 and its constituents increased the risk of childhood pneumonia, especially NH4+, NO3 and OM.
[1]Fudan Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China.
[2]Sorbonne Univ, IPLESP, Epidemiol Allerg & Resp Dis Dept, F-75012 Paris, France.
[3]Med Sch St Antoine, INSERM, F-75012 Paris, France.
[4]Uppsala Univ, Dept Med Sci, SE-751 Uppsala, Sweden.
[5]Cent South Univ, Sch Energy Sci & Engn, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China.
[6]Univ Shanghai Sci & Technol, Sch Environm & Architecture, Shanghai 200093, Peoples R China.
[7]Southeast Univ, Sch Energy & Environm, Nanjing 210096, Peoples R China.
[8]Shanxi Univ, Res Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Taiyuan 030006, Peoples R China.
[9]Tianjin Univ, Tianjin Key Lab Indoor Air Environm Qual Control, Tianjin 300072, Peoples R China.
[10]Shanghai Univ Med & Hlth Sci, Sch Nursing & Hlth Management, Shanghai 201318, Peoples R China.
[11]Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax B3H 4R2, NS, Canada.
[12]Washington Univ, Dept Energy Environm & Chem Engn, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
[13]Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Atom & Mol Phys Div, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
[14]Tsinghua Univ, Dept Bldg Sci, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
[15]Chongqing Univ, Key Lab Three Gorges Reservoir Reg Ecoenvironm, Chongqing 400030, Peoples R China.
[16]Fudan Univ, NHC Key Lab Hlth Technol Assessment, Key Lab Publ Hlth Safety,Minist Educ, Shanghai Typhoon Inst CMA,Shanghai Key Lab Meteor, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China.
(8.0+极速模式)