This study investigates the fragmentation mechanism of alumina powders treated by nanosecond-pulsed SDBD plasma. Experimental observations revealed a directional powder migration driven by Fast Gas Heating (FGH)-induced aerodynamic flow. In-situ fluorescence thermometry recorded a heating rate of only 1.3 K/s, effectively ruling out thermal shock. Instead, microstructural analysis-showing fatigue striations and lattice plastic deformation-confirms that fragmentation results from mechanical fatigue fracture induced by high-frequency aerodynamic shock waves. These findings elucidate the non-thermal physical nature of plasma-powder interactions, providing a theoretical basis for precise particle size control in brittle material processing.